17.5.2002 17.5.2002 Erik Lindberg info@verbix.com www.verbix.com Ainu aib Altaic, Turkic, Eastern 5000 China 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ AYNU, AINI, ABDALThe language has the same grammar as Uyghur but much Persian vocabulary. Some consider it to be a dialect of Uyghur, others to be an Iranian language heavily influenced by Uyghur. The government counts them as Uyghur. They speak Aynu in the family, but Uyghur to outsiders. The Uyghur despise them and call them 'Abdal' or 'beggar.' They do not intermarry with the Uyghur. Different from the Ainu spoken in Russia and Japan. Caste of circumcisers. Altai, southern alt Altaic, Turkic, Northern 71600 Russia (Asia) 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ OIROT, OYROT, ALTAIALTAI PROPER (ALTAI-KIZHI, ALTAJ KIZI, MAINA-KIZHI, SOUTHERN ALTAI), TALANGIT (TALANGIT-TOLOS, CHUY).Northern Altai and Southern Altai are not inherently intelligible, although there is a dialect continuum between them. Russian is used as the second language by all except older people as a contact language, for literature, and urban professional and cultural life. Altai is used in the familiar sphere and with speakers of other Turkic varieties. Written Altai is based on Southern Altai, but is rejected by Northern Altai children. Teleut is considered a separate language outside the AO. Different from Oirat (Kalmyk-Oirat), a Mongolian language. Cyrillic script. Mountain slope. Cattle raisers, agriculturalists, hunters. Traditional religion, secularist. Bible portions 1910-1996. Altai, northern atv Altaic, Turkic, Northern 0 Russia (Asia) 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ TELEUT, TELENGUTNot intelligible with Southern Altai. Considered a separate language outside the region. Bilingualism in Russian. Southern Altai is rejected by children. Traditional religion, secularist. Azerbaijani, south azb Altaic, Turkic, Southern, Azerbaijani 24364000 IranAfghanistanIraqSyriaTurkey (Asia) 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ AZERIAYNALLU (INALLU, INANLU), KARAPAPAKH, TABRIZ, AFSHARI (AFSHAR, AFSAR), SHAHSAVANI (SHAHSEVEN), MOQADDAM, BAHARLU (KAMESH), NAFAR, QARAGOZLU, PISHAGCHI, BAYAT, QAJAR.Distinctive dialect differences between the Azerbaijani of the former USSR (North) and Iranian Azerbaijani (South) in phonology, lexicon, morphology, syntax, and loan words. Teimurtash (7,000 in Mazandaran; possibly the same as Teimuri, Timuri, Taimouri) and Salchug (in Kerman Province) may be dialects. Qashqai is probably a dialect. They feel that North and South Azerbaijani are spoken by one people, one ethnic group, but recognize that there are differences in both the spoken and written language. Each has problems accepting the written form of the other. People called 'Turki' (Turks). Language of wider communication. Arabo-Persian script. Poetry, newspapers. Agriculturalists, pastoralists. Shi'a Muslim. Azerbaijani, north azj Altaic, Turkic, Southern, Azerbaijani 7059000 AzerbaijanArmenia 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ AZERBAIJAN, AZERI TURK, AZERBAYDZHANIQUBA, DERBEND, BAKU, SHAMAKHI, SALYAN, LENKARAN, QAZAKH, AIRYM, BORCALA, TEREKEME, QYZYLBASH, NUKHA, ZAQATALA (MUGALY), QABALA, YEREVAN, NAKHCHIVAN, ORDUBAD, GANJA, SHUSHA (KARABAKH), KARAPAPAK.Dialect differences are slight. The Qazakh dialect is not related to the Kazakh language. Significant differences from South Azerbaijani in phonology, lexicon, morphology, syntax, and loan words. Used in publications. Everyone is familiar with the standardized written and spoken forms. Taught as a second language in Russian language schools. They feel that North and South Azerbaijani are spoken by one people, one ethnic group, but recognize that there are differences in both the spoken and written forms. Each has problems accepting the written form of the other. National language. Dictionary. Grammar. Literacy rate in second language: High. Roman script official. Cyrillic script is widely used in Azerbaijan. Used in schools. Radio programs, TV. Shi'a Muslim, Sunni Muslim (Akiner). Bible 1891. Balkan Gagauz Turkish bgx Altaic, Turkic, Southern, Turkish 331000 Turkey (Europe)Macedonia 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ BALKAN TURKICGAJOL, GERLOVO TURKS, KARAMANLI, KYZYLBASH, SURGUCH, TOZLUK TURKS, YURUK (YORUK, KONYAR).Distinct from Gagauz of Moldova, Bulgaria, and Romania. Muslim. Bashkir bak Altaic, Turkic, Western, Uralian 1000000 Russia (Europe) 17.5.2002 One verb VerbiXML 10₄ Bashkir Manual BASQUORTKUVAKAN (MOUNTAIN BASHKIR), YURMATY (STEPPE BASHKIR), BURZHAN (WESTERN BASHKIR).Close to Tatar. Bilingualism in Tatar. The people call themselves 'Bashkort.' Cyrillic script. Oil workers, agriculturalists; traditionally cattle raisers. Sunni Muslim. Bible portions 1899-1995. n, z^ c^ s^ Z C S E G T D N !N !S a b v g G d D e ë Z z i y k q l m n N o ö p r s T t u ü f x h c C S SC " ï ' E ä yu yü ya yä i,e,ä,ü,ö ï,a,u,o b,v,g,d,Z,z,k,l,m,n,p,r,s,t,f,x,c,C,S,J,N,h,y p:pk,t:tk,k:kk,S:St,C:Ct,:g p:pt,t:tt,k:kt,S:St,C:Ct,:d ä:i,e:i a:ïy,e:yïy,ï:ïy ie:iyu,ü:ü,:ü ï:u,u:u,:u i:iy,e:ey,ä:äy,ö:öy,: ï:ïy,a:ay,o:oy,: First noun of action !Noun of the actor !Second noun of action !Noun of intention !Noun of possibility Past participle Gerund Present participle Participle of necessity First future participle !Second future participle First present gerund !Second present gerund Past gerund Future gerund min hin ul beD heD ular Glossary lookup Past Conditional Imperative; Optative *{a-:a} %tab%%root%-%tab%\\%root%- %pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab% *{:n#Em} *{:n#EN} *{:n#E} *{:n#Eq} *{:n#EG#Ez} *{:n#El#Är} %tab%\\%pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab%\\ *{:n#Em} *{:n#EN} *{:n#E} *{:n#Eq} *{:n#EG#Ez} *{:n#El#Är} %pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab% *{:h#Äm} *{:h#ÄN} *{:h#Ä} *{:h#Äq} *{:h#ÄG#ED} *{:h#Äl#Är} %tab%\\%pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab%\\ *{:h#Äm} *{:h#ÄN} *{:h#Ä} *{:h#Äq} *{:h#ÄG#ED} *{:h#Äl#Är} %pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab% *{:y#Em} * *{:h#En} *{:y#EK} *{:g#ED} *{:h#End#Är} %tab%\\%pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab%\\ *{:y#Em} * *{:h#En} *{:y#EK} *{:g#ED} *{:h#End#Är} yaha- Chagatai chg Altaic, Turkic, Eastern 0 Turkmenistan 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ CHAGHATAY, JAGATAIExtinct. Chulym clw Altaic, Turkic, Western, Uralian 0 Russia (Asia) 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ CHULYM-TURKISH, CHULIM, MELETS TATAR, CHULYM TATARLOWER CHULYM, MIDDLE CHULYM.Closely related to Shor; some consider them one language. The government considers them separate. Bilingualism in Russian. Spoken in villages. Also spoken by the Kacik (Kazik, Kuarik). Shor cjs Altaic, Turkic, Northern 9760 Russia (Asia) 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ SHORTSY, ABA, KONDOMA TATAR, MRAS TATAR, KUZNETS TATAR, TOM-KUZNETS TATARMRASSA, KONDOMA.Some sources combine Shor and Chulym. Before 1927 literary norms were developing, it was taught in school, literature was published, and the language and culture were studied. After 1937 it was no longer written or taught in school for 50 years, and the culture was damaged. There is now a revival of study (I.A. Nevskaya 1996). A language association has been formed, and a chair of Shor was formed at the Pedagogical Institute in Novokuzneck. Shor is different from the Shor dialect of Khakas. Grammar. Altai missionaries worked out the first alphabet in the middle of the 19th century. Mountain slope. Christian: Russian Orthodox. Chuvash chv Altaic, Turkic, Bolgar 1809000 Russia (Europe) 17.5.2002 One verb VerbiXML 10₀ Chuvash Manual BULGARANATRI, VIRYAL.The only extant language in the Bolgar branch of Turkic. About 80% can use Russian as second language. Chuvash magazines. Cyrillic script. Newspapers, radio programs, TV. Agriculturalists. Christian: Russian Orthodox; traditional religion. NT 1904-1911. z^ c^ s^ â ê I C S E T Z !S a â b v g d e ê ë yo Z z i y k l m n o p r s T t u ü f x ts C S SC " I ' E yu ya i,e,ä,ü,ö I,a,u,o b,v,g,d,Z,z,k,l,m,n,p,r,s,t,f,x,c,C,S,J,N,h,y First noun of action !Noun of the actor !Second noun of action !Noun of intention !Noun of possibility Past participle Gerund Present participle Participle of necessity First future participle !Second future participle First present gerund !Second present gerund Past gerund Future gerund pulâp pulân pulê pulâpâr pulâr pulêT epê esê vâl epir esir vêsem Glossary lookup Durative present Future tense Preterite tense Durative past Future perfect Past preterite *{a-:a} *[Vb][C]{-:} *{e-:e} *[Vf][C]{-:} %tab%%root%-%tab%\\%root%- %pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab% *{:t#Ep} *{:t#En} *{:t} *{:tp#Er} *{:t#Er} *{:TTê} %tab%\\%pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab%\\ *{:t#Ep} *{:t#En} *{:t} *{:tp#Er} *{:t#Er} *{:TTê} %pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab% *{#Ä:#Ep} *{#Ä:#En} *{#Ä:ê} *{#Ä:#Ep#Er} *{#Ä:#Er} *{#Ä:êT} %tab%\\%pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab%\\ *{#Ä:#Ep} *{#Ä:#En} *{#Ä:ê} *{#Ä:#Ep#Er} *{#Ä:#Er} *{#Ä:êT} %pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab% *{:r#Em} *{:r#En} *{:rê} *{:r#Em#Er} *{:r#Er} *{:rêT} %tab%\\%pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab%\\ *{:r#Em} *{:r#En} *{:rê} *{:r#Em#Er} *{:r#Er} *{:rêT} %pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab% *{:tt#Em} *{:tt#En} *{:tCê} *{:tt#Em#Er} *{:tt#Er} *{:tCêT} %tab%\\%pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab%\\ *{:tt#Em} *{:tt#En} *{:tCê} *{:tt#Em#Er} *{:tt#Er} *{:tCêT} %pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab% *{:n#E} %auxiliars(i+0,1)% %tab%\\%pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab%\\ *{:n#E} %auxiliars(i+0,1)% %pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab% *{:s#Ä}{:tt#Em} *{:s#Ä}{:tt#En} *{:s#Ä}{:CCê} *{:s#Ä}{:tt#Em#Er} *{:s#Ä}{:tt#Er} *{:s#Ä}{:CCêT} %tab%\\%pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab%\\ *{:s#Ä}{:tt#Em} *{:s#Ä}{:tt#En} *{:s#Ä}{:CCê} *{:s#Ä}{:tt#Em#Er} *{:s#Ä}{:tt#Er} *{:s#Ä}{:CCêT} vula- êTle- Crimean Turkish crh Altaic, Turkic, Southern 460000 UzbekistanBulgariaRomaniaTurkey (Asia) 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ CRIMEAN TATARNORTHERN CRIMEAN (CRIMEAN NOGAI, STEPPE CRIMEAN), CENTRAL CRIMEAN, SOUTHERN CRIMEAN.The census counted them with the Tatar, but the languages are distinct. Cyrillic script. Muslim. NT 1666-1825. Dolgan dlg Altaic, Turkic, Northern 5000 Russia (Asia) 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ Bilingualism in Russian. A separate language from Yakut. Dolgan is the contact language on the Tajmyr Peninsula, and is spoken also by Evenki, Nganasan, and long-term Russian residents. Several publications in Dolgan. 2 Cyrillic orthographies: one based on Yakut and one on Russian. Traditional religion, shamanism. Daur dta Altaic, Mongolian, Eastern, Dagur 84950 China 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ DAGUR, DAGUOR, DAWAR, DAWO'ER, TAHUR, TAHUERHBUTEHA (BATAXAN), HAILA'ER (HAILAR), QIQIHA'ER (QIQIHAR, TSITSIKHAR).Definitely distinct from other Mongolian languages (Voegelin and Voegelin). Some sources list Tacheng (spoken in Xinjiang) as a dialect. Some list Haila'er as a dialect of Evenki. Speakers are reported to have high and widespread levels of bilingualism in Chinese. An official nationality. Dictionary. Grammar. SOV; grammatical function marked mainly by suffixes; vowel harmony but not very strict; many consonant clusters, palatalized and labialized consonants; rich vocabulary related to hunting, fishing, animal husbandry; loans from Chinese, Manchu, Evenki. Literacy rate in second language: 81%. Some literacy in Mongolian among those 30 to 50 years old in Hala'er. A Daur script was used during the Qing dynasty, then experimental Cyrillic script in 1957, then Latin based on Chinese orthography, but scholars are experimenting with a Latin orthography based on Pinyin. Written Manchu once used, now written Chinese used. Agriculturalists, pastoralists, hunters. Shamanism, Lamaist, Christian. Even eve Altaic, Tungus, Northern, Even 7170 Russia (Asia) 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ LAMUT, EWEN, EBEN, ORICH, ILQANARMAN, INDIGIRKA, KAMCHATKA, KOLYMA-OMOLON, OKHOTSK, OLA, TOMPON, UPPER KOLYMA, SAKKYRYR, LAMUNKHIN.Ola dialect is not accepted by speakers of other dialects. A dialect continuum. It was incorrectly reported to be a Yukagir dialect. Bilingualism in Russian, Yakut. Youngest speakers may be in their 30s. Use of Even indicates solidarity. Some literature available. Reindeer herdsmen, hunters. Christian: Russian Orthodox. Bible portions 1880. Evenki evn Altaic, Tungus, Northern, Evenki 30000 ChinaMongoliaRussia (Asia) 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ EWENKE, EWENKI, OWENKE, SOLON, SUOLUN, KHAMNIGANHAILA'ER, AOLUGUYA, CHENBA'ERHU.Significant dialect differences from Russia. It is not clear how dialect names Solon, Kakut, and Tungus relate to names listed above. Written Mongolian and Chinese used as literary languages. Herdsmen use Mongolian as second language, farmers use Chinese. They maintain native language and customs. It has official regional recognition in China. 'Solon' is their name for themselves in China, but they also now use the official name 'Ewenke'. 'Sulong' may be an alternate spelling. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Evenki of Russia. Literacy rate in second language: 81%. Mountain forests, marshlands. Nomadic pastoralists: reindeer; hunters, agriculturalists. Shamanism, Lamaist, Christian. Gagauz gag Altaic, Turkic, Southern, Turkish 198000 MoldovaBulgariaRomania 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ GAGAUZIBULGAR GAGAUZI, MARITIME GAGAUZI.Close to Turkish, but uses Russian Orthodox Christian religious vocabulary in contrast to the Islamic vocabulary of Turkish. Speakers have proclaimed autonomy from Moldova and appealed to Turkey for protection (1992 Time). Cyrillic script introduced in 1957. Christian. Bible portions 1927-1996. Ili Turki ili Altaic, Turkic, Eastern 120 ChinaKazakhstan 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ T'URK, TUERKEReported to be a link between Chagatai and Kypchak (Uzbek dialect). Bilingualism in Kazakh, Uyghur. Spoken by older people. Younger people are intermarrying with neighboring groups. Ethnically and linguistically distinct, discovered in 1956. Their oral history says they came from the Ferghana Valley (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) about 200 years ago. SOV; vowel harmony; influenced greatly by Kazakh and Uyghur; has Arabic, Persian, Chinese, and Russian loans. Judeo-Crimean Tatar jct Altaic, Turkic, Western, Ponto-Caspian 0 Uzbekistan 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ JUDEO-CRIMEAN TURKISH, KRIMCHAKThere are only individual speakers left (T. Salminen 1993). Jewish. Nearly extinct. Jurchen juc Altaic, Tungus, Southern, Southwest 0 China 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ NUZHEN, NUCHENRelated to Manchu. It was spoken by the Nuzhen people. Extinct. Karakalpak kaa Altaic, Turkic, Western, Aralo-Caspian 409000 UzbekistanAfghanistan 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ KARAKLOBUK, TCHORNY, KLOBOUKINORTHEASTERN KARAKALPAK, SOUTHEASTERN KARAKALPAK.Bilingualism in Uzbek, Russian. Some literature. Cyrillic script. Fishermen in Aral Sea, agriculturalists, craftsmen. Sunni Muslim. Bible portions 1996. Kazakh kaz Altaic, Turkic, Western, Aralo-Caspian 8000000 KazakhstanAfghanistanChinaIranMongoliaTurkey (Asia) 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ KAZAK, KAISAK, KOSACH, QAZAQNORTHEASTERN KAZAKH, SOUTHERN KAZAKH, WESTERN KAZAKH.Minor dialect differences. Many speak Russian or Uzbek as second language. Increasing ethnic pride and feelings of Islamic brotherhood. Semi-nomadic. The names 'Eastern Kirghiz' and 'Western Kirghiz' have been erroneously applied to Kazakh. SOV. Cyrillic script. Increasing education in Kazakh. Radio programs. Traditionally pastoralists, now agriculturalists, industrialists. Sunni Muslim. NT 1820-1910, out of print. Kirghiz kir Altaic, Turkic, Western, Aralo-Caspian 2631420 KyrgyzstanAfghanistanChinaTurkey (Asia) 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ KARA-KIRGIZ, KIRGIZNORTHERN KIRGIZ, SOUTHERN KIRGIZ.29% speak Russian as second language. The Ichkilik are a Kirghiz-speaking people of non-Kirghiz origin. Books, theater. The names 'Eastern Kirghiz' and 'Western Kirghiz' have been erroneously applied to Kazakh. Increasing education. Increasing feelings of Islamic brotherhood. Cyrillic script. Schools in Kirghiz. Newspapers, radio programs, films, TV. Mountain slope. Sunni Muslim, some Lamaism. NT 1991. Karaim kdr Altaic, Turkic, Western, Ponto-Caspian 535 LithuaniaIsraelUkraine 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ KARAITEEASTERN KARAIM, NORTHWESTERN KARAIM, TRAKAY, GALITS.Close to Karachay and Kumyk. One report says few children speakers. National language of the Karaim. Cyrillic and Hebrew scripts. Karaim Jewish: they say their religion is 'Karaim', not Judaism, celebrate the same religious holidays as the Jews, but their prayer services, held in Turkic, bear little resemblance to Jewish services (Philip E. Miller). Bible portions 1842. Karagas kim Altaic, Turkic, Northern 600 Russia (Asia) 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ TOFA, TOFALAR, SAYAN SAMOYED, KAMAS, KARAGASSBilingualism in Russian. The official name is Tofa or Tofalar. Grammar. Christian: Russian Orthodox. Khakas kjh Altaic, Turkic, Northern 64800 Russia (Asia)China 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ KHAKHAS, KHAKHASS, ABAKAN TATAR, YENISEI TATARSAGAI (SAGAJ), BELTIR, KACHA (KACA), KYZYL, SHOR, KAMASSIAN.Bilingualism in Russian. Cyrillic script. Animal husbandry: sheep, goats, cattle, horses; industrialists. Traditional religion, Russian Orthodox. Bible portions 1995. Khalaj klj Altaic, Turkic, Southern, Azerbaijani 17000 Iran 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ Not a dialect of Azerbaijani, as previously supposed. An independent language distinct from other extant Turkish languages (Doerfer 1971). Most are bilingual in Farsi. Some children know only Farsi. Pronounced with two long or back a's. Different from Indo-Iranian Khalaj. Muslim. Khorasani Turkish kmz Altaic, Turkic, Southern, Turkish 400000 Iran 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ QUCHANIWEST QUCHANI (NORTHWEST QUCHANI), NORTH QUCHANI (NORTHEAST QUCHANI), SOUTH QUCHANI.Midway linguistically between Azerbaijani and Turkmen, but not a dialect of either. Oghuz-Uzbek in Uzbekistan is reported to be a dialect of this. Bilingualism in Farsi. Not a literary language, but the government broadcasts in Quchani. Different from Khorasani, a local Persian dialect in Khorasan. Muslim. Karachay-Balkar krc Altaic, Turkic, Western, Ponto-Caspian 241000 Russia (Europe) 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ KARACHAY, KARACHAI, KARACHAYLA, KARACHAITSY, KARACAYLARBALKAR, KARACHAY.Balkar and Karachay are almost identical. From 1944 to 1957 they were deported to Kazakhstan and Siberia, losing 1/4 to 1/2 of their population, and have lost much land, economic resources, and civil rights. Cyrillic script. Sunni Muslim. NT 1994. Kumyk kum Altaic, Turkic, Western, Ponto-Caspian 282500 Russia (Europe)Turkey (Asia) 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ KUMUK, KUMUKLAR, KUMYKIKHASAVYURT, BUINAKSK, KHAIKENT.Dialects are apparently quite divergent. Most speakers use Russian as second language. Education is in Russian, with some in Kumyk in heavily populated Kumyk areas. Different from the Kumux dialect of Lak. Dictionary. Grammar. Literacy rate in first language: Higher in Kumyk where the majority speak Kumyk. Literacy rate in second language: High in Russian. Cyrillic script. Newspapers, radio programs. Plains. Sunni Muslim. Bible portions 1888-1996. Manchu mnc Altaic, Tungus, Southern, Southwest 20 China 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ MANThe nonspeakers of Manchu in the ethnic group speak Mandarin. Now written Chinese in common use. All speakers over 70 years old (1986). An official nationality. Dictionary. Literacy rate in second language: 82%. Written Manchu was once in use with old Manchu script. Agriculturalists. Chinese traditional religion, shamanism, Buddhist. NT 1835. Tu mjg Altaic, Mongolian, Eastern, Mongour 90000 China 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ MONGOUR, MONGORHUZHU, MINHE.Said to be the most divergent of all the Mongolian languages. Intelligibility is reported to be low between dialects. written Chinese or Tibetan is used. An official nationality. An unwritten language. Investigation needed: intelligibility with dialects. Dictionary. Literacy rate in second language: 42%. Agriculturalists. Lamaist Buddhism. Mogholi mhj Altaic, Mongolian, Western 200 Afghanistan 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ MOGHOL, MOGUL, MOGOL, MONGULKUNDUR, KAREZ-I-MULLA.Unintelligible to remaining body of Mongol speakers; linguistically relatively well explored. In the two villages Farsi is the common language, and is rapidly replacing Mogholi. Moghol people in northern Afghanistan now speak Pashto. Apparently only elderly speakers. Sunni Muslim. Nearly extinct. Negidal neg Altaic, Tungus, Northern, Negidal 100 Russia (Asia) 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ NEGIDALY, NEGHIDALNIZOVSK, VERKHOVSK.Elderly adults have a good command of the language, younger adults can understand it, children speak and understand only Russian. Endangered. From the 1950s to the 1980s the state sent all children to boarding schools. Traditional way of life. Contacts and intermarriage with the Ulch, Nanai, and Nivkh in the Amur area. Dictionary. Grammar. Traditional religion. Nogai nog Altaic, Turkic, Western, Aralo-Caspian 68000 Russia (Europe) 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ NOGAY, NOGHAY, NOGHAI, NOGHAYLAR, NOGAITSY, NOGALARWHITE NOGAI (AK), BLACK NOGAI (KARA), CENTRAL NOGAI.Dialect differences are slight. Bilingualism in Russian. Cyrillic script. Sunni Muslim. Bible portions 1996. Oroqen orh Altaic, Tungus, Northern, Evenki 2240 China 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ OROCHON, ORONCHON, OLUNCHUN, ELUNCHUN, ULUNCHUNMaintain native language and customs. An official nationality. Not a written language. Literacy rate in second language: 84%. Dense mountain forests. Hunters, lumbermen, agriculturalists. Shamanism, ancestor worship. Bonan peh Altaic, Mongolian, Eastern, Mongour 12212 China 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ BAO'AN, BOAN, PAOAN, PAONGAN, BAONANJISHISHAN (DAHEJIA, DAKHECZJHA), TONGREN (TUNGYEN).Jishishan subdialects are Ganhetan and Dadun; Tongren subdialects are Nianduhu, Guomari, Gajiuri, and Lower Bao'an village. Jishishan has been influenced by Chinese, Tongren by Tibetan. There are phonological and grammatical differences between the two, and inherent intelligibility may be low. Written Chinese is in common use. An official nationality. Investigation needed: intelligibility with dialects. SOV, no vowel harmony; vowel devoicing and nasalization processes; modifiers precede heads. Literacy rate in second language: 24%. Agriculturalists, forestry, crafts. Sunni Muslim, Lamaist Buddhist. Qashqa'i qxq Altaic, Turkic, Southern, Azerbaijani 1500000 Iran 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ QASHQAY, QASHQAI, KASHKAIVery close to Azerbaijani. Many are bilingual in Farsi. Nomadic. Many can read Farsi well. Desert. Rug weavers, pastoralists: sheep, donkeys, camels. Shi'a Muslim. Dongxiang sce Altaic, Mongolian, Eastern, Mongour 373872 China 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ TUNGHSIANG, SANTA, TUNGSUONANBA, WANGJIAJI, SIJIAJI.Some intelligibility with Bonan. Minor dialect differences in pronunciation and borrowed words. Suonanba is considered to be the standard. Written Chinese is in common use. 30% of vocabulary borrowed from Chinese. The people call themselves 'Santa'. An official nationality. Dictionary. SOV; no vowel harmony or vowel length distinction; rich in consonants including uvulars; case marking. Literacy rate in second language: 12%. No official Dongxiang orthography. Agriculturalists, pastoralists. Sunni Muslim. Xibe sjo Altaic, Tungus, Southern, Southwest 27364 China 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ SIBO, XIBO, SIBEColloquial Manchu. Reported to be inherently intelligible with Manchu. Many prefer Chinese as a literary language. Some can speak or write Uyghur Kazakh, English, or Russian. All ages in rural areas. Descendants of an 18th century Qing dynasty military garrison. An official nationality. Loans from Uyghur, Kazakh, and Chinese. Dictionary. Grammar. SOV; genitives, articles, adjectives, numerals precede noun heads; question word initial; complex vowel harmony. Literacy rate in first language: 30%. Literacy rate in second language: 52%. Uses a modified Manchu script. Desert, savannah. Plains. Peasant agriculturalists, stock farming. 1,000 to 3,000 meters. Traditionally shamanistic, today largely atheistic. Salchuq slq Altaic, Turkic, Southern, Azerbaijani 0 Iran 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ Probably a dialect of Azerbaijani. Investigation needed: intelligibility with Azerbaijani. Muslim. Salar slr Altaic, Turkic, Southern 55000 China 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ SALAJIEZI, MENGDA.Reinhard F. Hahn says Salar is spoken by descendants of an Oghuz-Turkic-speaking sub-tribe that, in the 15th century area of Samarkand, split off a main tribe and 'returned eastward', eventually settling in Western China. Their language has an Oghuz Turkic base, has taken on a medieval Chaghatay Turkic stratum through Central Asian contacts and finally acquired a stratum of features from local languages. The people use Chinese as literary language. Bilingualism is reported high in Chinese, Uyghur, and Tibetan. An official nationality. SOV. Literacy rate in second language: 27%. Agriculturalists, animal husbandry, commerce. Sunni Muslim. Turkmen tuk Altaic, Turkic, Southern, Turkmenian 6400000 Turkmenistan Afghanistan Germany Iran Iraq Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Pakistan Russia (Asia) Tajikistan Turkey (Asia) USA Uzbekistan 8.5.2002 Ready VerbiXML 1 0 ₄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ome dialects differ from Teke. 50% claim a good knowledge of Russian. The so-called 'Turkmen' in Syria, and possibly Iraq and Jordan, actually speak an ancient form of Turkmen; so-called 'Turkmen' in Tibet may speak a different Turkic language. National language. Dictionary. Grammar. Cyrillic script. Radio programs. Sand desert, narrow oases. Agriculturalists: cotton; stock breeders: sheep; carpet weavers; traditionally pastoralists: sheep; Gas, oil workers. Sunni Muslim. Bible portions 1880-1982. c, s, a: o: u: z^ n~ y' y´ S Z i,e,ä,ü,ö men sen ol biz siz olar Glossary lookup Present comprehensive, long form Present comprehensive, short form Present perfect Future certain Future indefinite Conditional Past definite Obligatory form Imperative Intentional *{mak:} *{mek:} %root%mak %fpronouns(i+0,1)%%tab% *{:ýar}{:yn} *{:ýar}{:syñ} *{:ýar} *{:ýar}{:ys} *{:ýar}{:syñyz} *{:ýar}{:lar} %fpronouns(i+0,1)%%tab% *{:ýan} *{:ýañ} *{:ýar} *{:ýas} *{:ýañyz} *{:ýar}{:lar} %fpronouns(i+0,1)%%tab% *{:yp}{:dyr}{:ym} *{:yp}{:syñ} *{:yp}{:dyr} *{:yp}{:dyr}{:ys} *{:yp}{:syñyz} *{:yp}{:dyr}{:lar} %fpronouns(i+0,1)%%tab% *{:jak} %fpronouns(i+0,1)%%tab% *{:ar}{:yn} *{:ar}{:syñ} *{:ar} *{:ar}{:ys} *{:ar}{:syñyz} *{:ar}{:lar} %fpronouns(i+0,1)%%tab% *{:sa}{:m} *{:sa}{:ñ} *{:sa} *{:sa}{:k} *{:sa}{:ñyz} *{:sa}{:lar} %fpronouns(i+0,1)%%tab% *{:dy}{:m} *{:dy}{:ñ} *{:dy} *{:dy}{:k} *{:dy}{:ñyz} *{:dy}{:lar} %fpronouns(i+0,1)%%tab% *{:maly} (%fpronouns(i+0,1)%)%tab% *{:aýyn} * *{:alyñ} *{:yñ} %tab% *{:sana} *{:sañizlañ} %fpronouns(i+0,1)%%tab% *{:makçy} %root%mek %fpronouns(i+0,1)%%tab% *{:ýär}{:in} *{:ýär}{:siñ} *{:ýär} *{:ýär}{:is} *{:ýär}{:siñiz} *{:ýär}{:ler} %fpronouns(i+0,1)%%tab% *{:ýän} *{:ýäñ} *{:ýär} *{:ýäs} *{:ýäñiz} *{:ýär}{:ler} %fpronouns(i+0,1)%%tab% *{:ip}{:dir}{:im} *{:ip}{:siñ} *{:ip}{:dir} *{:ip}{:dir}{:is} *{:ip}{:siñiz} *{:ip}{:dir}{:ler} %fpronouns(i+0,1)%%tab% *{:jek} %fpronouns(i+0,1)%%tab% *{:er}{:in} *{:er}{:siñ} *{:er} *{:er}{:is} *{:er}{:siñiz} *{:er}{:ler} %fpronouns(i+0,1)%%tab% *{:se}{:m} *{:se}{:ñ} *{:se} *{:se}{:k} *{:se}{:ñiz} *{:se}{:ler} %fpronouns(i+0,1)%%tab% *{:di}{:m} *{:di}{:ñ} *{:di} *{:di}{:k} *{:di}{:ñiz} *{:di}{:ler} %fpronouns(i+0,1)%%tab% *{:meli} (%fpronouns(i+0,1)%)%tab% *{:eýin} * *{:eliñ} *{:iñ} %tab% *{:sene} *{:señizläñ} %fpronouns(i+0,1)%%tab% *{:mekçi} ýazmak gitmek geçmek Turkish tur Altaic, Turkic, Southern, Turkish 61000000 Turkey (Asia)BulgariaCyprusGreeceMacedoniaRomaniaUzbekistan 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ TÜRKÇE, TÜRKISCH, ANATOLIANDANUBIAN, ESKISEHIR, RAZGRAD, DINLER, RUMELIAN, KARAMANLI, EDIRNE, GAZIANTEP, URFA.Danubian is western; other dialects are eastern. The Karamanli are Turkish-speaking Greeks. National language. Dictionary. Grammar. SOV. Roman script now used. Muslim. Bible 1827-1941. Tatar tat Altaic, Turkic, Western, Uralian 7000000 Russia Afghanistan Azerbaijan Belarus China Estonia Finland Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Moldova Tajikistan Turkey (Europe) Turkmenistan Ukraine USA Uzbekistan 11.11.2001 Under construction VerbiXML 1 0 ₀ Tatar Manual 424D1E010000000000007600000028000000140000000E0000000100040000000000A8000000130B0000130B0000100000001000000000000000009C00000000FF00FFFFFF00FFFFFF00FFFFFF00FFFFFF00FFFFFF00FFFFFF00FFFFFF00FFFFFF00FFFFFF00FFFFFF00FFFFFF00FFFFFF00FFFFFF00333333333333333333330000333333333333333333330000000000000000000000000000022222222222222222200000022222222222222222200000022222222222222222200000022222222222222222200000033333333333333333300000011111111111111111100000011111111111111111100000011111111111111111100000011111111111111111100000000000000000000000000000333333333333333333330000 TARTAR MIDDLE TATAR (KAZAN), WESTERN TATAR (MISHER), EASTERN TATAR (SIBERIAN TATAR). Eastern Tatar is divided into 3: Tobol-Irtysh, Baraba, and Tom. Tobol-Irtysh is divided into 5: Tyumen, Tobol, Zabolotny, Tevriz, and Tara (Tumasheva). Mixed dialects are: Astrakhan, Kasimov, Tepter, and Ural (Poppe). 43,000 Astrakhan have assimilated to the Middle dialect. Kasim (5,000) is between Middle and Western Tatar. Tepter (300,000) is reported to be between the Tatar and Bashkir languages. Uralic Tatar (110,000) is spoken by the Kerashen Tatar. The Karatai are ethnically Erzya, who speak Tatar. Not endangered. Different from Crimean Tatar (Crimean Turkish). Literacy rate in second language: High. Cyrillic script. Agriculturalists, oil workers, coal miners. Sunni Muslim, some Christian. Bible portions 1864-1995. n, j^ z^ c^ s^ Z C S E J N !N !S a b v g d e ë Z z i y k l m n o p r s t u f x c C S SC " ï ' E yu yü ya yä ä ö ü J N h i,e,ä,ü,ö ï,a,u,o b,v,g,d,Z,z,k,l,m,n,p,r,s,t,f,x,c,C,S,J,N,h,y p:pk,t:tk,k:kk,S:St,C:Ct,:g p:pt,t:tt,k:kt,S:St,C:Ct,:d ä:i,e:i a:ïy,e:yïy,ï:ïy ie:iyu,ü:ü,:ü ï:u,u:u,:u i:iy,e:ey,ä:äy,ö:öy,: ï:ïy,a:ay,o:oy,: First noun of action !Noun of the actor !Second noun of action !Noun of intention !Noun of possibility Past participle Gerund Present participle Participle of necessity First future participle !Second future participle First present gerund !Second present gerund Past gerund Future gerund min sin ul bez sez alar Glossary lookup Past Conditional Imperative Verbal nouns Participles Gerunds Present tense *e{-:} *ä{-:} *ï{-:} *a{-:} *u{-:} *ü{-:} *[C]{-:} *[Vf]e{-:} *[Vb]e{-:} *[Vf]{-:} *[Vb]{-:} *[Vf][C]{-:} *[Vb][C]{-:} [Vf][C]{-:} [Vb][C]{-:} %root%-%tab%\\%root%- %pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab% *[{CDsubst}]{:#Em} *[{CDsubst}]{:#EN} *[{CDsubst}]{:#E} *[{CDsubst}]{:#Ek} *[{CDsubst}]{:#Eg#Ez} *[{CDsubst}]{:#El#Är} %tab%\\%pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab%\\ *[{CDsubst}]{:#Em} *[{CDsubst}]{:#EN} *[{CDsubst}]{:#E} *[{CDsubst}]{:#Ek} *[{CDsubst}]{:#Eg#Ez} *[{CDsubst}]{:#El#Är} %pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab%%root% s#Äm s#ÄN s#Ä s#Äk s#Äg#Ez s#Äl#Är %tab%\\%pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab%\\%root% s#Äm s#ÄN s#Ä s#Äk s#Äg#Ez s#Äl#Är %pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab% *[{Vsubstf}]{:m} * *{:s#En} *[{Vsubstf}]{:k} *{:g#Ez} *{:s#Enn#Är} %tab%\\%pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab%\\ *[{Vsubstf}]{:m} * *{:s#En} *[{Vsubstf}]{:k} *{:g#Ez} *{:s#Enn#Är} %nounnames(i+0,1)%%tab% *[{Vsubstf2}] *[{Vsubstf2}]{:C#E} *{:m#Äk} *{:m#Äk}{:C#E} *{:m#Äg#Äe} %tab%\\ *[{Vsubstf2}] *[{Vsubstf2}]{:C#E} *{:m#Äk} *{:m#Äk}{:C#E} *{:m#Äg#Äe} %nounnames(i+0,2)%%tab% *[{CGsubst}]{:#Än} *[{CGsubst}]{:#ÄnC#E} *[{Vsubstf}] *[{Vsubstf}]{:s#E} *[{Vsubstf3}]{:#ÄC#Äk} *{:#S} %tab%\\ *[{CGsubst}]{:#Än} *[{CGsubst}]{:#ÄnC#E} *[{Vsubstf}] *[{Vsubstf}]{:s#E} *[{Vsubstf3}]{:#ÄC#Äk} *{:#S} %pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab% *[{Vsubstf}]{:m} *[{Vsubstf}]{:s#EN} *[{Vsubstf}] *[{Vsubstf}]{:b#Ez} *[{Vsubstf}]{:s#Ez} *[{Vsubstf}]{:l#Är} %tab%\\%pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab%\\ *[{Vsubstf}]{:m} *[{Vsubstf}]{:s#EN} *[{Vsubstf}] *[{Vsubstf}]{:b#Ez} *[{Vsubstf}]{:s#Ez} *[{Vsubstf}]{:l#Är} %pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab% *[{Vsubstb}]{:m} * *{:s#En} *[{Vsubstb}]{:k} *{:g#Ez} *{:s#Enn#Är} %tab%\\%pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab%\\ *[{Vsubstb}]{:m} * *{:s#En} *[{Vsubstb}]{:k} *{:g#Ez} *{:s#Enn#Är} %nounnames(i+0,1)%%tab% *[{Vsubstb2}] *[{Vsubstb2}]{:C#E} *{:m#Äk} *{:m#Äk}{:C#E} *{:m#Äg#Äe} %tab%\\ *[{Vsubstb2}] *[{Vsubstb2}]{:C#E} *{:m#Äk} *{:m#Äk}{:C#E} *{:m#Äg#Äe} %nounnames(i+0,2)%%tab% *[{CGsubst}]{:#Än} *[{CGsubst}]{:#ÄnC#E} *[{Vsubstb}] *[{Vsubstb}]{:s#E} *[{Vsubstb3}]{:#ÄC#Äk} *{:#S} %tab%\\ *[{CGsubst}]{:#Än} *[{CGsubst}]{:#ÄnC#E} *[{Vsubstb}] *[{Vsubstb}]{:s#E} *[{Vsubstb3}]{:#ÄC#Äk} *{:#S} %pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab% *[{Vsubstb}]{:m} *[{Vsubstb}]{:s#EN} *[{Vsubstb}] *[{Vsubstb}]{:b#Ez} *[{Vsubstb}]{:s#Ez} *[{Vsubstb}]{:l#Är} %tab%\\%pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab%\\ *[{Vsubstb}]{:m} *[{Vsubstb}]{:s#EN} *[{Vsubstb}] *[{Vsubstb}]{:b#Ez} *[{Vsubstb}]{:s#Ez} *[{Vsubstb}]{:l#Är} %pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab%%root% im s#En ik #Eg#Ez s#Enn#Är %tab%\\%pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab%\\%root% im s#En ik #Eg#Ez s#Enn#Är %nounnames(i+0,2)%%tab% *[{CGsubst}]{:#Än} *[{CGsubst}]{:#ÄnC#E} *{:#Ä} *{:#Ä}{:s#E} *[{Vsubstb3}]{:#ÄC#Äk} *{:#S} %tab%\\ *[{CGsubst}]{:#Än} *[{CGsubst}]{:#ÄnC#E} *{:#Ä} *{:#Ä}{:s#E} *[{Vsubstb3}]{:#ÄC#Äk} *{:#S} %pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab%%root% #Äm #Äs#EN #Ä #Äb#Ez #Äs#Ez #Äl#Är %tab%\\%pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab%\\%root% #Äm #Äs#EN #Ä #Äb#Ez #Äs#Ez #Äl#Är %pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab%%root% ïym s#En ïyk #Eg#Ez s#Enn#Är %tab%\\%pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab%\\%root% ïym s#En ïyk #Eg#Ez s#Enn#Är %nounnames(i+0,2)%%tab% *[{CGsubst}]{:#Än} *[{CGsubst}]{:#ÄnC#E} *{:#Ä} *{:#Ä}{:s#E} *[{Vsubstb3}]{:#ÄC#Äk} *{:#S} %tab%\\ *[{CGsubst}]{:#Än} *[{CGsubst}]{:#ÄnC#E} *{:#Ä} *{:#Ä}{:s#E} *[{Vsubstb3}]{:#ÄC#Äk} *{:#S} %pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab%%root% #Äm #Äs#EN #Ä #Äb#Ez #Äs#Ez #Äl#Är %tab%\\%pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab%\\%root% #Äm #Äs#EN #Ä #Äb#Ez #Äs#Ez #Äl#Är ESlä- bie- kae- aya- kara- ukï- töya- Su- kit- kil- bar- yaz- ukït- aNlaS- utïr- Tuvin tyv Altaic, Turkic, Northern 233400 Russia (Asia)ChinaMongolia 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ TUVA, TUVAN, TUVIA, TYVA, TOFA, TOKHA, SOYOT, SOYON, SOYOD, TANNU-TUVA, TUBA, TUVINIAN, URIANKHAI, URIANKHAI-MONCHAK, URYANKHAI, DIBA, KÖK MUNGAKCENTRAL TUVIN, WESTERN TUVIN, NORTHEASTERN TUVIN (TODZHIN), SOUTHEASTERN TUVIN, TUBA-KIZHI.Sharp dialect differences. Speakers use Russian as second language, and Mongolian near the border. Until 1944 Tuva was a formally independent state. Literacy rate in second language:. Cyrillic script. Hunters; pastoralists: cattle, horses, sheep, goats, camels, reindeer. Lamaist Buddhist. Bible portions 1996. Uyghur uig Altaic, Turkic, Eastern 7595512 ChinaAfghanistanKazakhstanMongoliaTurkey (Asia) 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ UIGHUR, UYGUR, UIGUR, UIGHUIR, UIGUIR, WEIWUER, WIGACENTRAL UYGHUR, HOTAN (HETIAN), LOP (LUOBU).The Akto Türkmen speak a dialect of Uyghur with 500 different seldom-used words. They have different appearance and customs. They say they originated in Samarkand, and are listed as Kirghiz by the government. There are 2,000 in two villages, Kösarap and Oytak in Akto County, south of Kashgar, Xinjiang. Dolan is a dialect spoken around the fringes of the Taklimakan desert in Xinjiang. Chinese linguists recognize 3 dialects. Others have used the following dialect names: Kashgar-Yarkand (Kashi-Shac he), Yengi Hissar (Yengisar), Khotan-Kerya (Hotan-Yutian), Charchan (Qarqan, Qiemo), Aksu (Aqsu), Qarashahr (Karaxahar), Kucha (Kuqa), Turfan (Turpan), Kumul (Hami), Ili (Kulja, Yining, Taranchi), Urumqi (Urumchi), Lopnor (Lopnur), Dolan, Akto Türkmen. One of the five main official nationalities in China. Those in the north are more influenced by modern Chinese culture. SOV; postpositions; genitives, adjectives, numerals, relatives before noun heads; question words initial; a few prefixes; 3 suffixes on nouns; 6 suffixes on verbs; word order distinguishes subjects and indirect objects, topic and comment; 8 noun cases shown by suffixes; verb suffixes mark subject person, number, 2nd person marks plural and 3 levels of respect; passive, reflexive, reciprocal and causative; comparatives; CV, CVC, CVCC; nontonal. Literacy rate in second language: 56%. Based on Central Uyghur as spoken in the area between Yili (Ili) and Urumqi. It had a Roman script in China. A new Arabic script was introduced in 1987. Cyrillic script has been used. Radio programs. Desert, oases. Valleys. Agriculturalists: grain, fruit, grapes, vegetables, cotton; traders; craftsmen. Sunni Muslim. Bible 1950. Yakut sah Altaic, Turkic, Northern 363000 Russia (Asia) 17.5.2002 One verb. VerbiXML 10₄ Yakut Manual Über die Sprache der Jakuten SAKHA, YAKUT-SAKHARussian is used in higher education. It is used as second language by some Evenki, Even, and Yukaghir people. A town koine has developed in Jakutsk, which older speakers rejected. A higher percentage of teachers and officials come from this group than from nearby languages. Yakut is preferred by most speakers for most purposes. Grammar. Cyrillic script. Nomadic, fishermen, hunters, agriculturalists. Traditional religion, secular, Christian: Russian Orthodox. Bible portions 1858-1995. z^ c^ s^ Y G J N n, I C S E T Z !S a b g G d J i ie y Y k l m n N n, o ö p r s h t u uo ü üö x C I v e yo Z z f c S SC " ' yu ya i,e,ä,ü,ö I,a,u,o b,v,g,d,Z,z,k,l,m,n,p,r,s,t,f,x,c,C,S,J,N,h,y First noun of action !Noun of the actor !Second noun of action !Noun of intention !Noun of possibility Past participle Gerund Present participle Participle of necessity First future participle !Second future participle First present gerund !Second present gerund Past gerund Future gerund pulâp pulân pulê pulâpâr pulâr pulêT min en kini bihigi ehigi kiniler Glossary lookup Present [durative] Past Future *{aa-:aa} %tab%%root%-%tab%\\%root%- %pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab% *{aa:II}{:bIn} *{aa:II}{:gIn} *{aa:II}{:r} *{aa:II}{:bIt} *{aa:II}{:gIt} *{aa:II}{:ll#Är} %tab%\\%pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab%\\ *{aa:II}{:bIn} *{aa:II}{:gIn} *{aa:II}{:r} *{aa:II}{:bIt} *{aa:II}{:gIt} *{aa:II}{:ll#Är} %pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab% *{:t#Em} *{:t#En,} *{:t#Ä} *{:t#Eb#Et} *{:t#Eg#Et} *{:t#El#Är} %tab%\\%pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab%\\ *{:t#Em} *{:t#En,} *{:t#Ä} *{:t#Eb#Et} *{:t#Eg#Et} *{:t#El#Är} %pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab% *{aa:IaG}{:#Em} *{aa:IaG}{:#En,} *{aa:IaG}{:#Ä} *{aa:IaG}{:r#Et} *{aa:IaG}{:G#Et} *{aa:IaG}{:t#Är#Ä} %tab%\\%pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab%\\ *{aa:IaG}{:#Em} *{aa:IaG}{:#En,} *{aa:IaG}{:#Ä} *{aa:IaG}{:r#Et} *{aa:IaG}{:G#Et} *{aa:IaG}{:t#Är#Ä} ahaa- Urum uum Altaic, Turkic 0 GeorgiaUkraine 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ Related to Crimean Tatar. A number of inherently intelligible dialects. Spoken by ethnic 'Greeks.' Investigation needed: intelligibility with Crimean Tatar. Uzbek uzn Altaic, Turkic, Eastern 18466000 Uzbekistan China 6.9.2001 8.4.2002 Under construction VerbiXML 1 0 ₀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ÖZBEK KARLUK (QARLUG), KIPCHAK (KYPCHAK), OGHUZ Distinct from Southern Uzbek of Afghanistan and Turkey. Russian influences in grammar, use of loan words, script. Oghuz may be a dialect of Khorasani Turkish (see Turkey) rather than Uzbek. 49% of speakers are bilingual in Russian, but rural people have limited proficiency. All ages. Children speak Uzbek at home. Vigorous. Used in theater. Turks of Fergana and Samarkand speak Uzbek. There are Uzbek-speaking Gypsy communities in Soviet central Asia. Increasing ethnic pride. People are about one-third urbanized. Much Persian influence in language and culture. Patrilineal. 'Sart' is an obsolete name for sedentary Uzbek, possibly those who are ethnically Tajik. Official language. Dictionary. Grammar. Literacy rate in second language: High. Cyrillic script used. Arabic and Roman scripts used formerly. Used in school. Radio programs, TV. Desert, semi-arid; fertile valleys. Agriculturalists: cotton, fruit, vegetables, grain; pastoralists: sheep; silk production; technicians, professionals, industrialists, communications, medicine, educators, administrators. Hanafi Sunni Muslim. NT 1992-1995. a,e,i,o,u S.1. S.2. S.3. P.1. P.2. P.3. Glossary lookup Present-Future Present Progressive Past Definite Past Indefinite Past Perfect Future Hypotetical Future Definite Imperative Conditional Present-Future Conditional Past Participles Verbalad *moq *[V]{moq:} *{moq:} %root%moq %pronouns(i+0,#r)%%tab%%root%y ma sa di mi si dilar %pronouns(i+0,#r)%%tab%%root%yap ma sa ti mi si tilar %pronouns(i+0,#r)%%tab%%root%di n ngi %pronouns(i+0,#r)%%tab%%root%gan ma sa mi si lar %pronouns(i+0,#r)%%tab%%root%ganedi n ngi %pronouns(i+0,#r)%%tab%%root%r ma sa mi si (lar) %pronouns(i+0,#r)%%tab%%root%moqchi ma sa mi si (lar) %tab%%root% %pronouns(i+0,#r)%%tab%%root%sa n ngi lar %pronouns(i+0,#r)%%tab%%root%sa med nged edi ked ngized lared Present%tab%%root%etgan Past%tab%%root%gan Future%tab%%root%r Verb Collateral%tab%%root%y Verb Past%tab%%root%b %pronouns(i+0,#r)%%tab%%root%a ma sa di mi si dilar %pronouns(i+0,#r)%%tab%%root%ar ma sa mi si (lar) Present%tab%%root%aetgan Past%tab%%root%gan Future%tab%%root%ar Verb Collateral%tab%%root%a Verb Past%tab%%root%ib o'iimoq boqlamoq yemoq iyomoq ovlamoq so'ramoq tejamoq trlamoq rynamoq yozmoq byormoq brlmoq bosmoq gapirmoq yetkazmoq kelmoq keltirmoq ketmoq ko'rmoq ko'tarmoq olmoq solmoq topmoq tortmoq tutmoq tushmoq yoag'irmoq chekmoq egmoq bah etmoq iilmoq Uzbek, southern uzs Altaic, Turkic, Eastern 1455000 AfghanistanTurkey (Asia) 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ UZBEKI, USBEKI, UZBAKLimited understanding of Northern Uzbek. Differences in grammar and loan words from Western Farsi. City dwellers are bilingual in Dari; village dwellers have limited ability in Dari. 20% use Dari as second language. Pashto is also used. The only literature is 2 journals, circulation 400. Literacy rate in first language: 10% to 30% (?) Literacy rate in second language: 15% to 25% in Dari. Arabic script, orthography not yet standardized. Mainly settled agriculturalists, some nomads, some craftsmen in gold, jewels, pottery, leather. Hanafi Sunni Muslim. Yugur, west ybe Altaic, Turkic, Eastern 4600 China 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ SARYGH UYGUR, SARIG, YA LU, YELLOW UIGHUR, SARI YOGUR, YUKU, YUGU, SARY-UIGHURAbout one-third of the ethnic group speaks Chinese as first language. Written Chinese is in use. Chinese is used as a lingua franca with East Yugur. An official nationality together with East Yugur, which is a Mongolian language. SOV. Literacy rate in second language: 59%. Animal husbandry. Lamaist Buddhist, shamanism. Yugur, east yuy Altaic, Mongolian, Eastern, Mongour 3000 China 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ SHIRA YUGUR, SHERA YOGUR, EASTERN YOGOR, YOGOR, YÖGUR, YUGU, YUGARWritten Chinese is in use. Chinese is used as a lingua franca with West Yugur. An official nationality together with West Yugur, a Turkic language. Literacy rate in second language: 59%. Pastoralists. Shamanism, Lamaist Buddhist. Buriat, Mongolia bxm Altaic, Mongolian, Eastern, Oirat-Khalkha, Khalkha-Buriat, Buriat 64900 Mongolia 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ BURYAT, BURIAT-MONGOLIAN, NORTHERN MONGOLIAN, MONGOLIAN BURIAT, BUR:AADKHORI, AGA.Buriat in Mongolia is a variety of Khori, and differs considerably from Buriat of China and Russia. The language has been influenced by Standard (Halh) Mongolian. Halh Mongolian is used as a literary language. There are some books in Buriat. Not a literary language in Mongolia. Literacy rate in second language: High in Halh. Traditionally shamanist and Buddhist Lamaist; now largely atheist. Buriat, China bxu Altaic, Mongolian, Eastern, Oirat-Khalkha, Khalkha-Buriat, Buriat 65000 China 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ BURYAT, BURIAT-MONGOLIAN, NORTHERN MONGOLIAN, NORTHEASTERN MONGOLIAN, BARGU BURIATBARGU (OLD BARGU, NEW BARGU), KHORI, AGA.Officially included under Mongolian in China. Differs from Buriat of Mongolia and Russia because of influences from different languages. Lamaist Buddhist. Buriat, Russia bxr Altaic, Mongolian, Eastern, Oirat-Khalkha, Khalkha-Buriat, Buriat 318000 Russia (Asia) 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ BURYAT, BURIAT-MONGOLIAN, NORTHERN MONGOLIANEKHIRIT, UNGA, NINZNE-UDINSK, BARGUZIN, TUNKA, OKA, ALAR, BOHAAN (BOKHAN), BULAGAT.The Buriat in newspapers is that of the area around Irkutsk, west of Lake Baikal. The Buriat east of the lake is less influenced by Russian and is more like that in Mongolia. The literary dialect differs considerably from those spoken in Mongolia and China, which are influenced by other languages. Khori is the main dialect in Russia. Speakers in Russia apparently understand each other well. The younger generation in cities are fluent in Russian, which is the contact language with the outside world. Buriat is used with Buriat people. Heavily influenced by Russian. Literacy rate in second language: Those on both sides of the lake are fully literate in the literary style. Cyrillic. Newspapers. East: cattle, horse raisers; west: agriculturalists. Buddhist Lamaist (east), traditional religion (west). Bible 1846. Mongolian, Halh khk Altaic, Mongolian, Eastern, Oirat-Khalkha, Khalkha-Buriat, Mongolian Proper 2330000 Mongolia Russia (Asia) Kyrgyzstan 11.5.2002 Under construction VerbiXML 1 0 ₄ A Mongolian Grammar Grammar of written Mongolian 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 HALH, KHALKHA MONGOLIAN, MONGOL, CENTRAL MONGOLIAN HALH (KHALKHA), DARIGANGA, KHOTOGOIT, SARTUL, TSONGOL. Ethnic Zahchin (Dzakhachin, Jakhachin 24,700 or 1.3%), Mingat (possibly 4,000; 1984), Bayad (Bayit, Bait, 39,900 or 2.1%), Oold (Oolet, Olot, 11,400 or .6%), are bilingual and in Halh Mongolian. National language. Ethnic Zahchin, Mingat, Bayad, Oold are literate in Halh. Cyrillic script. Traditionally pastoralists, now many industrialists. Originally shamanist, then Lamaist Buddhist, now largely atheist. NT 1990. ´ bi chi tëre bida ta tëdë Glossary lookup Present Present continuous Imperfect Perfect I Perfect II Perfect III Perfect IV Participles Imperative Gerunds *{h'u:} *{hü:} %tab% *{:h'u} %pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab% *{:na} %pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab% *{:ss}{: baina} %pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab% *{:ss}{: baila} %pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab% *{:ba} %pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab% *{:la} %pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab% *{:ga} %pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab% *{:sen} %tab% *{:ass} *{:sen} *{:tak} %tab% * %tab% *{:at} *{:ss} *{:tal} *{:ha} *{:bass} *{:lar} *{:sar} *{:mar} %tab% *{:h'u} %pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab% *{:në} %pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab% *{:ss}{: baina} %pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab% *{:ss}{: baila} %pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab% *{:bë} %pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab% *{:lë} %pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab% *{:che} %pronouns(i+0,1)%%tab% *{:sen} %tab% *{:ëss} *{:sen} *{:tak} %tab% * %tab% *{:et} *{:ss} *{:tel} *{:he} *{:bess} *{:ler} *{:ser} *{:mer} abuh'u baih'u ongsih'u yabuh'u üjihü Mongolian, peripheral mvf Altaic, Mongolian, Eastern, Oirat-Khalkha, Khalkha-Buriat, Mongolian Proper 3381000 ChinaMongolia 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ MONGOL, MONGGOL, MENGGU, SOUTHERN-EASTERN MONGOLIAN, INNER MONGOLIANCHAHAR (CHAHA'ER, CHAKHAR, QAHAR), ORDOS (E'ERDUOSITE), TUMUT (TUMET), SHILINGOL (UJUMCHIN), ULANCHAB (URAT, MINGAN), JO-UDA (BAIRIN, BALIN, NAIMAN, KESHIKTEN), JOSTU (KE'ERQIN, KHARCHIN, KHARACHIN, KHARCHIN-TUMUT, EASTERN TUMUT), JIRIM (KALAQIN, KHORCHIN, JALAIT, GORLOS), EJINE.Largely intelligible with Halh standard dialect of Mongolia, but there are phonological and important loan differences. Written Chinese is in use. One of the five main official nationalities. The government includes Buriat, Tuvin, Oirat, and other varieties under the Mongolian official nationality. In Xinjiang, the Torgut, Oold, Korbet, and Hoshut peoples are known as the 'Four tribes of Oirat.' Language of wider communication. SOV. Literacy rate in second language: 71%. Standard Inner Mongolian script. Radio programs. Agriculturalists, pastoralists. Buddhist, Lamaist, shamanism. NT 1952. Darkhat drh Altaic, Mongolian, Eastern, Oirat-Khalkha, Oirat-Kalmyk-Darkhat 4500 Mongolia 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ Speakers are fully bilingual in Halh Mongolian. One of the Oirat peoples. Influences from Oirat and possibly the Buriat languages. Distinct from Darkhan, which refers to southern Khalkha people in Ulanchab league, Inner Mongolia, China, and to Khorchin people in eastern Inner Mongolia. Literacy rate in second language: High in Halh. Originally shamanist, then Lamaist Buddhist, now largely atheist. Kalmyk-Oirat xal Altaic, Mongolian, Eastern, Oirat-Khalkha, Oirat-Kalmyk-Darkhat 518000 Russia (Europe)ChinaMongolia 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ KALMUK, KALMUCK, KALMACK, QALMAQ, KALMYTSKII JAZYK, KHAL:MAG, OIRAT, VOLGA OIRAT, EUROPEAN OIRAT, WESTERN MONGOLIANBUZAWA, OIRAT, TORGUT (TORGUUD, TORGHUD, TORGHOUD), DÖRBÖT (DÖRBÖD, DERBET), SART QALMAQ.Their language has diverged from other Mongolian languages and they are called 'Kalmyk' in Russia; 'Oirat' in China and Mongolia. In USA Kalmyk has not been heavily influenced by Russian as it has been in Russia. Different from other varieties in China called Oirat, which are sometimes called 'Asiatic Oirat.' Tibetan is used as religious language. Russian is used as second language for other purposes. In 1628 the Oirat moved from Dzungaria, Eastern Turkistan (Xinjiang, China) to the Volga, north and west of the Caspian Sea. Cyrillic script used by the Dorbot and Torgut. Lamaist Buddhist. NT 1827-1894, out of print. Nanai gld Altaic, Tungus, Southern, Southeast, Nanaj 0 Russia (Asia)China 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ NANAJ, GOLD, GOLDI, HEZHEN, HEZHE, HECHESUNGGARI, TORGON, KURO-URMI, USSURI, AKANI, BIRAR, KILA, SAMAGIR.The dialects are quite distinct. Bilingualism in Russian, Chinese. Youngest speakers are over 30, with most over 50. Older people use Chinese. Shamanism. Bible portions 1884. Orok oaa Altaic, Tungus, Southern, Southeast, Nanaj 30 Russia (Asia) 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ OROC, ULTA, UJLTAPORONAISK (SOUTHERN OROK), VAL-NOGLIKI (NOGLIKI-VAL, NORTHERN OROK).Significant differences between dialects. For a while Orok was officially considered part of Nanai. Prevalent intermarriage with Russians, Nivkh, Nanai, Evenksi, Negidal, and Korean people. The older generation has high proficiency in Orok, the middle generation partial proficiency, children and adolescents no ability in Orok. Youngest fluent speakers are over 50. Endangered. Speakers have been scattered and have relinquished their traditional way of life. Different from Oroch. Oroch oac Altaic, Tungus, Southern, Southeast, Udihe 0 Russia (Asia) 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ OROCHIKJAKELA (KJAKAR, KEKAR), NAMUNKA, ORICHEN, TEZ.Bilingualism in Russian. The older and middle-aged speak Oroch, but not those up to 20 years old, who speak Russian. The larger of the two groups lives in the region of Sovetskaja Gavan' on the rivers flowing into the Tatar Strait separating Sakhalin Island from the mainland. Not taught in school. Russians, Ukrainians, and Evenki live among them. For a time it was officially considered part of Udihe. Different from Orok. The same writing system as the Udihe. Traditional religion, Buddhism, Christian. Udihe ude Altaic, Tungus, Southern, Southeast, Udihe 100 Russia (Asia) 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ UDEKHE, UDEGEISKHUNGARI, KHOR, ANJUSKI, SAMARGIN, BIKIN, IMAN, SIKHOTA ALIN.Dialect differences are not great. All are 50 years old and older (1991). They were resettled into artificial villages, in a Russian-speaking region, with some Ukrainian and Nanai people. Children were sent to boarding schools. 'Hezhe' in China may refer to this. Same as Orok. Shamanism. Nearly extinct. Ulch ulc Altaic, Tungus, Southern, Southeast, Nanaj 500 Russia (Asia) 12.5.2002 Just info. VerbiXML 10₀ ULCHI, ULCHA, ULYCH, OLCH, OLCHA, OLCHIS, HOCHE, HOL-CHIHBilingualism in Russian. The older generation knows the language, middle-aged less well, adolescents and young adults passively, children under 20 do not speak it. Close contact with Russian, Ukrainian, Nanai, Nivkh (Gilyak), Negidal, and others. Taught in first grade.